Freedom, Security and Justice in the European Union

WhenJusticeandHomeAffairscooperationwasofficiallyintroducedintheEu- peanlegal orderby theTreaty ofMaastricht, severalnewpolicy fields slowly enteredEuropeanlaw:asylumandimmigrationlaw,criminallaw,policestudies. SincetheTreatyofAmsterdamthisnewpolicyareaisreferredtoastheAreaof Freedom,SecurityandJustice. Ithasbeendividedintotwomainsubjects:b- ders,visa,asylumandimmigration,andcivillawinthefirstpillar;andpoliceand judicialcooperationinthethirdpillar. Importantelementsarecommoncontrolsattheexternalbordersfollowingthe abolishmentofinternalcontrols. Asaconsequenceofthecompletionoftheint- nalmarketacommonvisa,asylumandimmigrationpolicyhasbeenputinplace. PolicecooperationbetweennationalauthoritiesandinthecontextofEuropolisan importanttoolforguaranteeingadequatesecurityconditionsforcitizensofthe MemberStates. Criminallawcooperationisnecessarytocombatcrime. ThroughtheTampereProgrammeof1999,theAreawasdevelopedatare- tivelyhighspeed. Eventssuchas11September2001and11March2004have illustratedtheneedandurgencyforclosecooperationincriminallawthroughout Europe,notleasttocombatterrorism. InNovember2004,theEuropeanCouncil launchedthefollow-upprogrammeof Tampere :theHagueProgramme,along withadetailedActionPlaninJune2005. ThedepartmentofEuropeanLawoftheLawSchoolofErasmusUniversity RotterdamhasfromthebeginningtakentheAreaofFreedom,SecurityandJ- ticeasoneofthefocalpointsofitsresearch. Oneoftheachievementswasthe publicationofahandbookbyDeZwaanandBultena:RuimtevanVrijheid,Veil- heidenRechtvaardigheid[AreaofFreedom,SecurityandJustice],in2002. A specialcourseforstudentsofcriminologyandDutchlawistaughtattheLaw Schoolaswell,andthesubjectispartoftheresearchintheResearchSchoolfor SafetyandSecurityinSocialIssues(OnderzoeksschoolMaatschappelijkeVeil- heid). InviewofthisfocusontheAreaofFreedom,SecurityandJustice,andinview ofthepotentiallyfar-reachinginfluenceoftheHagueProgrammefortheEu- peancitizens,thedepartmentofEuropeanLaworganizedatwodaysinternational conferenceon23and24June2005inRotterdam,withover120participantsfrom alloverEurope. Prominentspeakersfrompolitics(EuropeanCommissionerFr- tini,DutchMinisterofJusticeDonner),thecivilservice(fromtheEuropeanC- mission,fromtheCouncil,andfromnationalministries),nongovernmentalor- nizations, and from the academic world (speakers from Turkey, the UK, and Germany for instance) discussed the new developments from many different angles. VIII Thisbookrepresentsthereflectionoftheconference:manyspeakersandp- ticipantscooperatedtoproducethisfirstevaluationoftheHagueProgramme. In viewofitsdifferentcharacteronlycivillawcooperationisnotcoveredinthis publication. WewouldliketothankLauraSchepersfortakingcareofallthedetailsinthe texts,andPeterMorrisforfine-tuningthelanguage. Wecouldnothaveorganized theconferencewithoutthehelpofNathalieWeberandAnnetSchuurmanofour conferencebureau. Rotterdam,May2006 JaapdeZwaan FloraGoudappel IX TableofContents Summaryofcontents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Listofabbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV Introductoryspeeches Piet-HeinDonner TheHagueProgramme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 FrancoFrattini TheHagueProgramme:ourfutureinvestmentindemocraticstabilityand democraticsecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 AlexanderSorel Asylum,migrationandbordercontrolsintheHagueProgramme. . . . . . . . . . 11 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. TheTampereProgramme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. TheHagueProgramme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .